our first witness is jonathan turley, a professor of public interest law at george washington university law school. professor turley is a nationally who hased legal scholar written extensively in areas ranging from constitutional law to legal theory. he has published over three dozen academic articles in over articles and newspapers. professor turley has been recognized as the second most cited law professor in the country. witness is nicholas rosenkranz, a professor of law at georgetown. professor rosenkranz has served and advise to the federal government in a variety of including as a law justice a supreme court and as an attorney advisor to the justice department office of legal counsel. he has published numerous scholarly articles including the constitution,e which is the single most downloaded article about interpretation in the history of the social science research network. our third witness is simon lazarus, a senior counsel with the constitutional accountability center. he is a member of the administrative conference of its eight. he has served as the public counsel for the nat